Reestabelecimento da fauna de abelhas e vespas solitárias em diferentes tipos de reflorestamentos no sudeste da Amazônia

Abstract

The necessity in recovering degraded environments due to the great loss of natural areas by the expansion of human activities has never been higher. This is because the disappearance of these environments has led to a parallel loss of biodiversity and, consequently, of the ecosystem services provided by it. As a result, global efforts are being realized to reduce the impacts of these losses. Until 2030, over 350 million hectares of degraded areas are expected to be recovered. However, one of the strategies employed, the reforestation of large degraded areas, still needs to be studied in several attributes to attest their employability in the recovery of biodiversity. Among them the species and diversity of planted trees. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of reforestation carried out in southeastern Amazonia in reestablishing of cavity-nesting bee and wasp communities. More specifically, we evaluated the effectiveness of these reforestations on biodiversity recovery, on community stability over time, on reestablishment of ecosystem services and ecological interactions, and on the recovery of population patterns of these insects. For this, we sampled six different habitat types: pasture, reforestations with teak, fig, mix of native species, natural regeneration and primary forest. We found that regardless of the type of reforestation employed, they all showed efficiency in increasing the occurrence of bees and wasps in relation to pasture. However, reforestation with vegetation structures more similar to the primary forest, (natural regeneration and mixed species reforestation) were the most efficient in restoring the natural patterns of bees and wasps analysed. On the other hand, reforestations of simplified structure, such as teak, the characteristics of established communities were quite different from naturally expected. The efficiency of reforestation that underwent the natural regeneration process was probably by the presence of nearby primary forests, which may have facilitated the success of native plant colonization and contributed to the establishment of similar conditions to natural ones. The results obtained in this thesis have strong application in decision making in projects related to revegetation of degraded areas. This material should serve as support for environmental managers that aim to recover functionality degraded environments for the reestablishment of important ecological groups, like bees and wasps.