Análise da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em gestantes do município de Sinop - MT e suas consequências

Abstract

Obesity is a multifactorial disease that affects almost all physiological functions of the body and increases the risk of developing several other comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cognitive diseases and several types of cancer. Obesity and overweight must be taken into account, especially when associated with the gestational period, since any dysfunction in the maternal body can promote serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus. Among the maternal and fetal complications , there are pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the increased rate of delivery by cesarean section and macrosomia. Obesity has also been identified as a risk factor for maternal, fetal and infant death. Therefore, this study aims to identify, through a systematic review, an impact of overweight and obesity on the development of maternal and neonatal complications and also analyzed the prevalence of overweight and obesity in pregnant women living in the city of Sinop-MT, as well as analyze the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnant women and the consequences of obesity for them. This was a retrospective cohort study with data collected from the medical records of pregnant women attended at UBS's (Basic Health Units) and CRASM (Women's Health Reference Center) in the city of Sinop-MT during the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020, where anonymity was respected of the participants. Data on pregnant women were divided into four groups: I) Pregnant women with underweight; II) Pregnant women with normal body weight; III) Overweight pregnant women and IV) Obese pregnant women. Data were tabulated and analyzed in the Excel® Worksheet (Office 365), data analysis were performed through descriptive, qualitative and quantitative analysis, with the results expressed as mean and standard deviation of the mean (for continuous variables) and in percentage (for categorical variables), with statistical significance considered as p<0.05. Data from systematic review demonstrated that overweight and obesity contributed to the development of several comorbidities for maternal and neonatal Heath. They increase the development GDM, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, premature birth, cesarean, and macrosomia. The results showed that 3.6% of the pregnant women were underweight, 39.9% eutrophic, 27.1% overweight and 29.4% obese. Pregnant women's age, body weight and BMI were significantly higher in the overweight and obese groups when compared to the control group. Regarding blood glucose, there was a significant difference in glucose levels in the group of overweight and obese pregnant women when compared to the control group in the first trimester. Regarding comorbidities during pregnancy, GDM and hypertension were significantly higher in the overweight and obesity groups when compared to the control group. There was no statistical difference in relation to other clinical and epidemiological parameters between the groups. In conclusion, it was observed that overweight and obesity, in fact, contribute to the development of several maternal and neonatal complications.