Alfabetização de jovens e adultos em Mato Grosso : uma leitura das campanhas oficiais de 1947 a 1990

Abstract

This research integrates the studies developed for the Line of Research: Education and Language of the Post-Graduation Program in Education at the Federal University of Mato Grosso. It aimed at analyzing the Official Campaigns of Alphabetization of Youth and Adults in the State of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. This study was developed based on selection and analysis of documentary sources, such as, official plans of government, reports, governmental messages, annals of congresses, stories of experiences in seminaries and narratives of subjects who had participated in this historical context. The historical type was chosen for carrying out this research and also it was established as a landmark the period from 1947 to 1990, understood in this study as the first Campaign of Education of Adolescents and illiterate Adults and the extinguish of the Foundation to educate. In relation of the documents sources it was opted to analyze them based on the concept of literal configuration that made possible a comprehensible reading of those considered emblematic. The understanding about the differences between the directions considered by the studied subjects and the meanings that nowadays we might have was also done. It was considered important for the understanding of the theoretical-methodology of this research the contribution of Cultural History, the presupposes of Verbal History and studies in the area of the Education. The analyses revealed that, even the State of Mato Grosso had developed the Official Campaigns of Alphabetizations of Youth and Adults in the studied period it was noticed that the problem of the illiteracy in that historical context was unsolved . The trajectory of the Campaigns of Alphabetizations was marked by moments of enthusiasm and others of indifference, administrative discontinuities and deficiencies. During the long period where these Official Campaigns of Alfabetizations had been developed in the State of Mato Grosso, the environment of education in this State was chaotic, because there were lacked of schools, qualified teachers, school fiscalizations, medical assistance, material didactic and mainly, modernization politics in the pedagogical structure. In relation to the efforts of the government and the different agreements celebrated between this and the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Official Campaigns of Youth Alphabetizations had not obtained high and durable percentages of alphabetizations. The predominant factors for this unsuccessful had been: a) the conception of alphabetization as single process of acquisition of a system of alphabetical code, capable to transform the illiterates into productive people and to eliminate the phenomenon of the ignorance; b) the conception of alphabetization student as an ignorant learner and incapable to learn more complex things. Despite these conceptions having been deeper studied during this period, it remained as predominant factor for the unsuccessful of these Campaigns, the problem of the lack of teachers qualification, these professionals for a long period of this context, were characterized as "inefficient" and without pedagogical preparation. Regardless of these Campaigns having been implemented in the State of Mato Grosso it is possible to observe that in the year of 1990 with the tax of 11,6 % of illiteracy in the State, fact that evidences that still there are many things for making to solve the problem of the illiteracy of the population of Mato Grosso.