Recursos vegetais e o conhecimento tradicional : estudo retrospectivo sobre o uso de plantas medicinais em Mato Grosso, Brasil

Abstract

Mato Grosso (MT), located in the Geographic Center of South America, presents three mega-diversity biomes, as well as a rich ethno-cultural diversity. The traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used in the state of MT, in the Pantanal, Amazon and Cerrado biomes was reviewed, systematized and evaluated, based on publications in regular scientific articles of the last 50 years. The objectives of this study were the traditional uses of medicinal plants for different health care systems and the main families and clades with the phylogeny of the mentioned species, in order to know which of them are overused and underutilized. This is a non-probabilistic retrospective documentary study, whose data were collected from scientific articles on ethnobotanical surveys of medicinal plants of MT, referring to different electronic databases, in the period 1969-2019. The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC2) was used to categorize health care systems of medicinal plants. The chi-square distribution was used to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between use categories and phylogeny. Cluster analyzes were performed for identifying similarities between the anatomical systems and taxonomic groups. A Bayesian analysis showed which clades and families were most used and avoided. The most important clades to treat the different care episodes were identified using multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). Thirty - four scientific articles involving the survey of medicinal plants of Mato Grosso were selected, with 747 species belonging to 115 families, distributed in all anatomical systems, with emphasis on the digestive, general and non - specific systems and respiratory system. Among the species reported (11.8%) were native endemic (56.9%) native non - endemic and (31.3%) were exotic. The native plants were distinguished for the care of blood symptoms, signs and symptoms of the kidney, pain in general and skin lesion. The leaves (34.9%) were the most used plant part, the infusion (33.9%), the main and arboreal preparation (29.8%), was the most present habit. It was demonstrated that there is a strong relation between the anatomical systems and the taxonomic groups; the clustered cluster revealed similarities between Malvids, Fabids and Lamiids for the clades and anatomical systems of the digestive, general and nonspecific systems and respiratory systems. The most overused clades in terms of the ratio of the number of medicinal species to the total flora of MT were Malvids and Caryophyllales, Fabids was the clade with the highest number of species citations and care systems. The most overused families were Arecaceae, Anacardiaceae and Vochysiaceae and the most underutilized were Orchidaceae and Poaceae. The PCA indicated that the Fabids, Lamiids and Malvids clades account for 90.46% of the healthcare systems. The diversity and importance of medicinal plants used in the popular medicine of MT was demonstrated. Information such as origin, habit, part of the plant and how species were used were presented and discussed. Statistical analyzes indicated the most relevant families and increased the confidence level of the study. We believe that this review will help bioprospecting new drugs and avoid losing traditional knowledge.