O uso da suplementaçâo de spirulina e análise esportômica : composição corporal, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e imunometabolismo em atletas

Abstract

This dissertation was divided into two parts to better organize and structure the personalized information. The first part is dedicated to the description and characterization of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis), including its nutritional properties, antioxidant chemical compounds and potential health benefits and the effects of Spirulina supplementation in sports, including optimization of results and potentiation of athletic performance. The ergogenic capacity of spirulina supplementation has been explored in a study involving rowers, runners, cyclists and fighters, with an increase in time to fatigue and/or exhaustion being described. The intense search for ergogenic resources that increase protein synthesis (anabolism) or decrease proteolysis (catabolism) has contributed to spirulina supplementation being studied in several areas, whether sports, clinical or hospital, due to the properties of this alga. Therefore, the present study aimed to carry out a systematic review about the effects of spirulina supplementation in physical exercise, to demonstrate its effectiveness or not, in optimizing results and in enhancing athletic performance. The literature review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) protocol (Moher et al., 2009). The search for articles was carried out from June to August 2021 in the SciELO, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Eight articles were analyzed, which revealed a sample number (n) ranging from 7 to 18 individuals, with an average age between 21 and 43 years. It was possible to observe that the effects of exercise on spirulina metabolism are not fully understood due to factors such as intensity and duration of exercise, nutritional status of individuals and differences in blood collection time, way of storing plasma samples and even the biochemical techniques used to assess the concentration of spirulina. However, from the articles surveyed in the databases, it is observed that the activity of spirulina is related to the type and intensity of the exercise to be practiced. The second part will focus on the investigation of sportomic analysis of the triad of body composition, TNF alpha and immunometabolism as an important tool to understand how the body responds to intense exercise in athletes. The relationship between alterations in body composition and the development of comorbidities was already observed by Hippocrates more than 2000 years ago. The objective was to investigate the acute impact caused by a treadmill running test in high-level athletes. In addition to identifying acute alterations that occurred in different plasmatic lipoproteins, in the plasmatic concentration of TNF and observing a possible correlation between TNF and body composition in running athletes. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study, based on a sports strategy, with young high-level athletes. The sample consisted of 10 male individuals, high performance track and field athletes, members of the athletics association of the city of Barra do Garças – MT, Brazil. The treadmill exercise protocol was progressively increased until exhaustion, using a gas analyzer. Variation in TNF levels correlated with variation in phospholipids (1.0), variation in total cholesterol (1.0), variation in total lipids (1.0), variation in Low Density Lipoprotein (0.9), a lipoprotein that also correlated with the value of postexercise TNF (0.9). Already pre-exercise TNF presented a correlation coefficient with the weight of the individuals (-0.9) and variation of TNF with the Body Mass Index (-0.928). Using statistical correlation tests and presenting the results with heatmaps can be a data-mining tool for evaluating biomarkers and different variables in immunometabolism studies. The present study presents new perspectives for the relationship between body composition and immunometabolism.