Padrões de comportamentos de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e fatores associados entre adolescentes

Abstract

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, causing more deaths than the other causes combined. The NCD resulting from the interaction of multiple factors which cannot be modifiable, such as family history, age, and gender; and modifiable risk factors that are associated with the lifestyle. Among these risk factors, it highlights those that are common to most NCDs, namely: tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and harmful use of alcohol. Although this group of diseases is usually manifest in adulthood, many of its precursors manifest during adolescence and might be common that these behaviors occur simultaneously in this phase, which has important implications for health in adulthood. Objective: To analyze the aggregation of risk factors for NCDs in adolescents and associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1716 Brazilian adolescents aged 10 to 17 years old, both sexes, belonging to a cohort of children born in Cuiabá. The adolescents completed a questionnaire containing demographic, economic and lifestyle information, including a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and anthropometric measurements. Risk behaviors for NCDs evaluated in this study were: alcoholic beverages consumption, tobacco experimentation, insufficient physical activity, sedentary behavior, omission of breakfast and poor dietary patterns. The patterns of risk behaviors were identified employing the exploratory factor analysis. To investigate the association between socio-demographic, economic variables and weight classification with the behavior patterns we used linear regression in multiple models. Results: Three patterns of risk behaviors were identified: "legal drugs" formed by tobacco experimentation and alcohol consumption; "Diets and screens" composed of sedentary behavior and poor dietary patterns; and "careless" constituted by insufficient physical activity variables and omission of breakfast. After adjustment the "legal drugs" pattern showed a direct association with age (β = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.09; 0.16) and inverse with the maternal education (β = –0.07; 95% CI = – 0.14; –0.01). The "diets and screens" pattern was associated with female gender (β = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.04; 0.23) and positively with age (β = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.08; 0.14) and economy class (β = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.04; 0.25). The "careless" pattern was directly associated with the maternal education (β = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03; 0.15), excess weight (β = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.06; 0.28) and directly with females (β = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.22; 0.41). Conclusion: It was possible to identify patterns of risk behaviors among adolescents through aggregation, showing the interdependence between the factors. Sociodemographic, economic and weight rating shown to be associated with the identified standards. The economic class, age and sex were associated with different patterns identified. The determination of behavior patterns as well as the identification of associated factors provide an important tool for the development of intervention strategies in this age group.