Análise comparativa entre dois protocolos de natação materna : efeito de longo prazo sobre o metabolismo da prole

Abstract

Physical exercise is considered a non-pharmacological tool against various metabolic disorders. However, its practice when inadequate can bring controversial health effects, especially when performed in critical periods, such as pregnancy and lactation. We aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal swimming training by two different protocols, during pregnancy and lactation, on metabolic parameters, glucose homeostasis and body composition in the rat-offspring. Wistar female rats were divided into three experimental groups: control (Cont), swimming training protocol 1 (PTN1) and swimming training protocol 2 (PTN2), with water and food ad libitum. PTN1 rats swam from the third day of gestation until the end of lactation (30min/day, 4-times a week at random times), without prior water and swimming adaptation. PTN2 rats were adapted to the aquatic environment and swimming protocol for 3 weeks, before pregnancy (10min/day, on the first day, with an increase of 5min/day during the first 5 days). In swimming training (30min/day, between 8 am and 11 am, 5-times a week), the PTN2 rats swam with an addition of overload (5% of body weight), except during pregnancy. At birth, and every two days, the rat-offspring had their body weight, food and water intake assessed. At 100-days old, euthanasia was performed and blood and tissue samples collected for biometrical and biochemical analyzes. In relation to Cont rat-offspring, PTN1 rat-offspring displayed lower birthweight (-9.5%, P<0.01) and naso-anus length (-6%, P<0.01). At adulthood, PTN1 ratoffspring presented higher visceral fat stores (retroperitoneal: PTN1 vs Cont, +22%, P<0.01, PTN1 vs PTN2, +29%, P<0.001; periepididimal: PTN1 vs Cont, +15%, P<0.05, PTN1 vs PTN2, +24%, P<0.001 and mesenteric: PTN1 vs Cont, +18%, P<0.01, PTN1 vs PTN2, +41%, P<0.001). Regarding Cont rat-offspring, PTN2 rats showed ~14% reduction in retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat pads (P<0.05). PTN1 rats showed reduced brown adipose tissue, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance (P<0.05). In turn, PTN2 rats showed improvement in the evaluated biochemical parameters (P<0.05). We conclude that swimming training practiced inadequately, during pregnancy and lactation, programs obesity and metabolic disorders in male rat-offspring, as a long-term effect.